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Gels (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023The purpose of this work was to develop a novel topical formulation of econazole nitrate based on gel that can be easily scaled up in one pot for the potential treatment...
The purpose of this work was to develop a novel topical formulation of econazole nitrate based on gel that can be easily scaled up in one pot for the potential treatment of fungal and yeast infections. Econazole nitrate, a topical antifungal, is used to treat tinea versicolor, tinea pedis, and tinea cruris. Compared to applying cream or ointment, topical gels offer numerous advantages, one of which is that the drug is released more quickly to the intended site of action. A viscous mixture of propylene glycol, Capmul MCM C8, methyl and propyl paraben, and econazole nitrate were mixed together before being formulated into the optimized Carbopol gel bases. The gel's color, appearance, and homogeneity were assessed visually. For every formulation, the drug content, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and gel strength were characterized. The cup plate diffusion method was used to evaluate the anti-fungal activity of the prepared formulations. To assess the behavior of the developed system, studies on in vitro release and mechanism were conducted. The manufactured formulations were transparent, pale yellow, and exhibited excellent homogeneity. The pH of each formulation was roughly 6.0, making them suitable for topical use. The concentration of Carbopol 940 resulted in a significant increase in viscosity and gel strength but a significant decrease in spreadability. It was demonstrated that the prepared formulations inhibited the growth of and . In contrast, the standard blank gel showed no signs of antifungal action. By increasing the concentration of Carbopol 940, the in vitro release profile of econazole nitrate significantly decreased. Following the Korsmeyer-Peppas model fitting, all formulations exhibited n values greater than 0.5 and less than 1, indicating that diffusion and gel swelling control econazole nitrate release.
PubMed: 38131915
DOI: 10.3390/gels9120929 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... 2015Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi that infect keratinized tissues causing diseases known as dermatophytoses. Dermatophytes are classified in three genera,...
Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi that infect keratinized tissues causing diseases known as dermatophytoses. Dermatophytes are classified in three genera, Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton. This investigation was performed to study the prevalence of dermatomycosis among 640 patients being evaluated at the dermatology clinics at Kasr elainy, El-Husein and Said Galal hospitals in Cairo and Giza between January 2005 and December 2006. The patients were checked for various diseases. Tinea capitis was the most common clinical disease followed by tinea pedis and tinea corporis. Tinea cruris and tinea unguium were the least in occurrence. Tinea versicolor also was detected. The most susceptible persons were children below 10 years followed by those aged 31-40 years. Unicellular yeast was the most common etiological agent and T. tonsuranswas the second most frequent causative agent followed by M. canis.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Arthrodermataceae; Child; Child, Preschool; Egypt; Female; Hair; Hospitals; Humans; Infant; Keratins; Male; Middle Aged; Nails; Onychomycosis; Skin; Tinea Capitis; Tinea Pedis; Tinea Versicolor; Young Adult
PubMed: 26413063
DOI: 10.1590/S1517-838246320140615 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020includes yeasts belong to the subphylum Ustilaginomycotina within the Basidiomycota. yeasts are commonly found as commensals on human and animal skin. Nevertheless,... (Review)
Review
includes yeasts belong to the subphylum Ustilaginomycotina within the Basidiomycota. yeasts are commonly found as commensals on human and animal skin. Nevertheless, species are also associated with several skin disorders, such as dandruff/seborrheic dermatitis, atopic eczema, pityriasis versicolor, and folliculitis. More recently, associations of with Crohn's disease, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbation have been reported. The increasing availability of genomic and molecular tools have played a crucial role in understanding the genetic basis of commensalism and pathogenicity. In the present review we report genomics advances in highlighting unique features that potentially impacted biology and host adaptation. Furthermore, we describe the recently developed protocols for -mediated transformation in , and their applications for random insertional mutagenesis or targeted gene replacement strategies.
Topics: Animals; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Humans; Malassezia; Skin; Symbiosis; Tinea Versicolor
PubMed: 32850491
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00393 -
Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational... 2019Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is essentially a clinical diagnosis characterized by hypopigmented or hyperpigmented patches on the skin. Dermoscopy is gaining popularity as...
Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is essentially a clinical diagnosis characterized by hypopigmented or hyperpigmented patches on the skin. Dermoscopy is gaining popularity as a noninvasive procedure for the diagnosis of different pigmentary and inflammatory disorders. However, scarce evidence exists on the dermoscopic pattern of PV. To describe the dermoscopic features of hypopigmented and hyperpigmented lesions of PV. Dermoscopic images of PV lesions located on different body sites were retrospectively evaluated for the presence of predefined criteria. A total of 178 lesions from 125 patients were included in the study among which 164 lesions were hypopigmented and 14 lesions were hyperpigmented. Nonuniform pigmentation was the most common dermoscopic feature seen in both hypopigmented lesions (n=152, 92.68%) and hyperpigmented lesions (n=14, 100%). Scales were seen in 142 hypopigmented lesions (86.56%) and 13 hyperpigmented lesions (92.86%). Patchy scaling was more common in hypopigmented lesions (n=95, 57.92%) while scaling in the furrows was more common in the dermoscopy of hyperpigmented lesions (n=5, 35.71%). Inconspicuous ridges and furrows and perilesional hyperpigmentation were other significant features seen in dermoscopy of the lesions. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the dermoscopic features of PV in such a large number of patients. Description of these new features adds valuable information and may help to establish dermoscopy as an important auxiliary tool for the diagnosis of PV.
PubMed: 31118732
DOI: 10.2147/CCID.S195166 -
Medical Mycology Journal 2015An epidemiological survey of dermatomycoses and their causative fungus flora in Japan for 2011 was conducted in accordance with methods and criteria of the past four... (Review)
Review
An epidemiological survey of dermatomycoses and their causative fungus flora in Japan for 2011 was conducted in accordance with methods and criteria of the past four surveys. The survey covered a total number of 36,052 outpatients who visited 12 dermatological clinics throughout Japan. The results were as follows. 1)Dermatophytosis was the most prevalent cutaneous fungal infection (2,980 cases) seen in these clinics, followed by candidiasis (378 cases) and then Malassezia infections (152 cases). 2)Among dermatophytoses, tinea pedis was the most frequent (1,930 cases : male, 980 ; female, 950), then in decreasing order, tinea unguium (780 cases : male, 409 ; female, 371), tinea corporis (203 cases : male, 132 ; female, 71), tinea cruris (112 cases : male, 86 ; female, 26), tinea manuum (43 cases : male, 25 ; female, 18), and tinea capitis including kerion (16 cases : male, 13 ; female, 3). 3)Tinea pedis and tinea unguium were seen to increase in the summer season and occur mostly among the aged population. Compared to the last survey, by clinical form, there was a marked decrease in dermatophytosis patients. 4)As the causative dermatophyte species, Trichophyton rubrum was the most frequently isolated at about 80 % among all dermatophyte infections excluding tinea capitis. T. mentagrophytes was about 10 %. Microsporum canis was isolated in five cases. M. gypseum was isolated in three cases, and Epidermophyton floccosum was isolated in only one case. T. tonsurans was isolated in 13 cases. 5)Cutaneous candidiasis was seen in 378 cases (305, male ; 537, female). Intertrigo (298 cases) was the most frequent clinical form, followed by diaporcandidiasis (79 cases), erosion interdigitalis (62 cases), genital candidiasis (46 cases). 6)Tinea versicolor was seen in 97 cases. Malassezia folliculitis was isolated in 55 cases.
Topics: Age Factors; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Dermatomycoses; Humans; Japan; Malassezia; Seasons; Sex Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Time Factors; Tinea; Trichophyton
PubMed: 26617109
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.56.J129 -
Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi = Japanese... 2006The genus Malassezia is now divided into eleven species. Different species initiate or aggravate different skin diseases. In seborroheic dermatitis, M. restricta play an... (Review)
Review
The genus Malassezia is now divided into eleven species. Different species initiate or aggravate different skin diseases. In seborroheic dermatitis, M. restricta play an important role, while in atopic dermatitis, M. globosa and/or M. restricta are major cutaneous microflora. M. globosa is a causative species of tinea versicolor, and this species is also a causative species of malassezia folliculitis. We should therefore obtain better knowledge of the ecological and pathogenic roles of malassezia.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Dermatitis, Atopic; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Humans; Malassezia; Tinea Versicolor
PubMed: 16699486
DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.47.75 -
Journal Der Deutschen Dermatologischen... Mar 2014Dermatomycoses are caused most commonly by dermatophytes. The anthropophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum is still the most frequent causative agent worldwide.... (Review)
Review
Dermatomycoses are caused most commonly by dermatophytes. The anthropophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum is still the most frequent causative agent worldwide. Keratinolytic enzymes, e.g. hydrolases and keratinases, are important virulence factors of T. rubrum. Recently, the cysteine dioxygenase was found as new virulence factor. Predisposing host factors play a similarly important role for the development of dermatophytosis of the skin and nails. Chronic venous insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, disorders of cellular immunity, and genetic predisposition should be considered as risk factors for onychomycosis. A new alarming trend is the increasing number of cases of onychomycosis - mostly due to T. rubrum - in infancy. In Germany, tinea capitis is mostly caused by zoophilic dermatophytes, in particular Microsporum canis. New zoophilic fungi, primarily Trichophyton species of Arthroderma benhamiae, should be taken into differential diagnostic considerations of tinea capitis, tinea faciei, and tinea corporis. Source of infection are small household pets, particularly rodents, like guinea pigs. Anthropophilic dermatophytes may be introduced by families which immigrate from Africa or Asia to Europe. The anthropophilic dermatophytes T. violaceum, T. tonsurans (infections occurring in fighting sports clubs as "tinea gladiatorum capitis et corporis") and M. audouinii are causing outbreaks of small epidemics of tinea corporis and tinea capitis in kindergartens and schools. Superficial infections of the skin and mucous membranes due to yeasts are caused by Candida species. Also common are infections due to the lipophilic yeast fungus Malassezia. Today, within the genus Malassezia more than 10 different species are known. Malassezia globosa seems to play the crucial role in pityriasis versicolor. Molds (also designated non-dermatophyte molds, NDM) are increasingly found as causative agents in onychomycosis. Besides Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, several species of Fusarium and Aspergillus are found.
Topics: Arthrodermataceae; Causality; Comorbidity; Dermatomycoses; Diabetes Mellitus; Evidence-Based Medicine; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Immune System Diseases; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Survival Rate; Venous Insufficiency
PubMed: 24533779
DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12245 -
Medical Mycology Journal 2016Oral antifungal drugs are used primarily to treat tinea unguium; however, they are also useful for other types of tinea. For example, a combination of topical and oral... (Review)
Review
Oral antifungal drugs are used primarily to treat tinea unguium; however, they are also useful for other types of tinea. For example, a combination of topical and oral antifungal drugs is effective in hyperkeratotic tinea pedis that is unresponsive to topical monotherapy. In cases of tinea facialis adjacent to the eyes, ears, or mouth, or widespread tinea corporis, or tinea cruris involving the complex skin folds of the external genitalia, it is difficult to apply topical drugs to all the lesions; therefore, oral antifungal drugs are necessary. Oral antifungal drugs are also useful not only for tinea but for widespread pityriasis versicolor and Malassezia folliculitis, candidal onychomycosis, and candidal paronychia and onychia. Topical antifungal drugs are in fact unsuitable for some mycoses. In tinea capitis, for example, irritation by topical drugs is likely to enhance inflammation; therefore, oral antifungal drug monotherapy is preferable. In interdigital tinea pedis with erosion or contact dermatitis, topical drugs are difficult to use because they tend to cause irritant dermatitis, resulting in exacerbation of the condition. In such cases, treatment should begin with a combination of topical corticosteroid therapy and oral antifungal drugs active against dermatophytes. Topical antifungal drugs are used after the complications resolve. A combination of topical and oral antifungal drugs can shorten the treatment period, thus improving patient adherence to topical treatment. Oral antifungal drugs are useful because of their wide range of applications in the treatment of dermatomycosis.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Antifungal Agents; Dermatomycoses; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Patient Compliance; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 27251319
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.57.J71 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology 2018Tinea versicolor (TV) is characterised by the appearance of maculosquamous lesions sometimes associated with mild erythema and pruritus in characteristic areas of the...
BACKGROUND
Tinea versicolor (TV) is characterised by the appearance of maculosquamous lesions sometimes associated with mild erythema and pruritus in characteristic areas of the body. Eberconazole and terbinafine though drugs of different classes provide both mycological and clinical cure.
AIM
This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of eberconazole versus terbinafine in patients of TV.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An open-label, randomised, comparative clinical trial was conducted on 60 patients. The patients were randomly divided into two study groups. Group A: Eberconazole 1% cream once daily and Group B: Terbinafine 1% cream once daily for 2 weeks. Efficacy assessment was done by observing signs and symptoms, i.e., Physician assessment 4-point scale, microscopic KOH examination, Wood's lamp examination, global clinical response assessment, and patient's assessment on visual analog scale at the end of 2 weeks and subsequently patients were reassessed at the end of 4 and 8 weeks to check any relapse. Safety assessment was also done.
RESULTS
There was a significant improvement in all the parameters in both groups over a period of 2 weeks. Both the treatment groups, i.e., eberconazole and terbinafine were found to be safe and efficacious at the end of 2 weeks, and no statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding complete cure, i.e., mycological and clinical cure (80% vs. 63.33%), respectively. However, early response (at the end of week 1) was observed with eberconazole. No relapse was seen with eberconazole, but one patient had relapse at 8 weeks with terbinafine. Both drugs had similar safety profile.
CONCLUSION
Although both the drugs cured the disease, eberconazole showed better response as clinical cure and mycological cure were observed earlier and no patient relapsed in the follow-up.
PubMed: 29527026
DOI: 10.4103/ijd.IJD_126_17 -
Postepy Dermatologii I Alergologii Jun 2018Tinea versicolor is a superficial fungal infection caused by spp. spp. is a member of the normal human skin flora. It becomes a pathogen by transforming from the yeast...
INTRODUCTION
Tinea versicolor is a superficial fungal infection caused by spp. spp. is a member of the normal human skin flora. It becomes a pathogen by transforming from the yeast form to the mycelium form. The oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis may be responsible for this. Thiol/disulphide homeostasis is a new marker indicating oxidative stress. This homeostasis is affected in many illnesses.
AIM
To investigate the thiol/disulphide homeostasis in patients with tinea versicolor.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Forty-two patients with tinea versicolor (median age: 36 years, min.-max.: 19-58) and 36 healthy controls (median age: 32 years, min.-max.: 18-60) were included in the trial. The levels of native thiol, disulphide, and total thiol were measured by an automated method in the patient and control groups. Disulphide/total thiol, disulphide/native thiol and native thiol/total thiol rates were calculated as percentage.
RESULTS
For the patient group and the control group, the native thiol levels were found to be 464.32 ±51.48 mmol/l and 465.18 ±51.32 mmol/l, disulphide levels - 19.80 ±7.08 mmol/l and 21.27 ±8.90 mmol/l, total thiol levels - 503.92 ±53.65 mmol/l and 508.07 ±56.59 mmol/l, respectively. No statistical difference was detected between the two groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Thiol/disulphide homeostasis was not affected in tinea versicolor. According to our findings, oxidative stress seems to have no role in the pathogenesis of tinea versicolor.
PubMed: 30008649
DOI: 10.5114/ada.2018.76227